Diabetes Mellitus Overview 2024

Abstract

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic and progressive metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia caused by defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. DM affects millions worldwide and is an important public health problem contributing to high morbidity and mortality rates. This review paper explores the classification of DM and highlights the differences between Type 1, Type 2, and Gestational diabetes. Key risk factors such as genetic predisposition, obesity, age, and lifestyle choices are discussed, emphasizing their contribution to the increase in global incidence. The article also deals with complications associated with uncontrolled diabetes, including microvascular and macrovascular problems, and psychological burdens. Modern diagnostic techniques, including hemoglobin A1c tests and oral glucose tolerance tests, are explained. Treatment strategies range from lifestyle interventions to pharmacological treatments such as insulin therapy and GLP-1 receptor antagonists to illustrate comprehensive disease management. The review concludes by emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and long-term glucose control to avoid complications and improve patient outcomes.