Society of Pathological Biochemistry and Hematology
Green Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Lactobacillus Species: Characterization and Antifungal Efficacy Evaluation
In recent years, the biological route for producing metallic nanoparticles has attracted considerable attention, mainly because it is eco-friendly and relatively low in cost when compared to the traditional physical and chemical approaches. The present study reports the green biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using the cell-free supernatant of a Lactobacillus species, and then evaluates their antifungal activity against selected pathogenic fungi. The bacterial isolate was cultivated in MRS broth, and its supernatant was obtained by centrifugation and mixed with 1 mM chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) under mild conditions. A gradual shift in color from pale yellow to ruby-red was noticed after a few hours, giving the first visual indication of nanoparticle formation. The biosynthesized AuNPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). UV-Vis showed a typical surface plasmon resonance band near 535 nm, FTIR indicated the involvement of proteins and other biomolecules as capping/reducing agents, while XRD confirmed the face-centered cubic structure of metallic gold. FESEM images revealed nearly spherical particles with an average size ranging between 20 and 45 nm. The antifungal evaluation, carried out against Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus flavus by the agar well diffusion method, showed considerable inhibition zones, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values between 32 and 128 μg/mL. These findings suggest that Lactobacillus-mediated AuNPs can be regarded as a promising antifungal agent with potential biomedical applications. Highlights AuNPs were successfully synthesized using a cell-free supernatant of Lactobacillus sp. The process was simple, rapid, and carried out without any toxic chemicals. FTIR, XRD, and FESEM confirmed the formation of crystalline, nearly spherical AuNPs. The nanoparticles displayed clear antifungal activity against Candida and Aspergillus species. MIC values ranged between 32 and 128 μg/mL depending on the tested fungal strain.
Genetically modified CAR T-cell and its application in immunotherapy
Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, or CAR, is a treatment that alters a patient's T cells so they can detect and destroy tumor cells. Immune-modified cells called chimeric antigen receptors, or CAR cells, are used to treat a variety of cancers and immune system illnesses. CAR-T cells, which are genetically engineered combinations of antibodies and T cells, have three types of domains: transmembrane domains, intracellular signaling domains, and antibody-identical surface domains. Car T cell engineering requires careful management due to its complexity. A group of unstimulated leukocytes is produced by Leukapheresis. Numerous methods, including separating cells by size and density, removing monocytes, isolating lymphocytes, and separating red blood cells and platelet contaminants using a density gradient, will be used to isolate T cells. CAR-T cell action depends on receptors, called second- or next-generation receptors, in the system of "living drugs." Initially, two CAR T-cell medications were selected for marketing agreements in the USA for treating symptoms of hematological cancer, demonstrating the remarkable advancements made in cancer care through "adoptive cell immunotherapy." Immunotherapy has resurfaced as a novel treatment approach in recent years. A potential strategy to strengthen or replenish the immune system's ability to fight cancer and control autoimmune disorders is the concept of precisely altering the immune response. Today, CAR T-cells have been developed to treat a variety of illnesses, such as multiple myeloma, breast cancer, and CNS tumors. Ideally, CAR T-cell medical care will replace stem cell transplantation and chemotherapy in the long run.
A review on green hydrogen, the fuel source of the future
In 2018, a large-scale social movement emerged calling for the implementation of stringent measures to lessen the consequences of climate change in Europe and other parts of the globe. This movement is becoming more widespread as a result of both rapid global warming and widespread catastrophic weather events. The idea of ​​the integrated hydrogen economy is that hydrogen serves as a primary fuel for transportation and, at the same time, in industrial applications, as well as energy production. While they started out by supporting fuel cell cars (FCEVs), a number of nations, including Australia, China, member states of the European Union, and Japan, are now creating long-term policies for the hydrogen economy. These nations have also expanded their efforts beyond the transportation sector. Spacecraft have been using hydrogen as a fuel since the 1960s, when it was first recognized as such. The Apollo ship's issues were caused by hydrogen seeping out of the fuel cells that drive the vehicle. In automobile engines, hydrogen is burned in place of gasoline, or it is combined with oxygen in fuel cells. Although both of these sorts of technology are now in use—to generate electricity and power automobiles—the second type has drawn more attention than the first in an effort to accelerate the shift to clean energy. What then is hydrogen? It is odorless, colorless, and non-toxic. Air is fourteen times more plentiful than water and is available in endless amounts everywhere; the only issue is that it is rarely found for free. It must therefore be extracted from other elements in order to be obtained. It is frequently paired with other molecules, whether they are water and oil in their liquid forms or natural gas in its gaseous condition.
Unveiling the Barcodes of Biofilm Formation Genes (algD, pslA, pslB, and pelA) and Antibiotic Resistance Genes (bla-OXA and blaCTX-M) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains Isolated from Wound Burn Infections in Iraq
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common opportunistic pathogen found in burn wound infections. Multi-drug resistance, coupled with its ability to form biofilms, makes treatment outcomes even more difficult to achieve. The molecular characterization of the biofilm genes of virulence and the determinants of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) is vital concerning the epidemiology and clinical behavior of the circulating strains. The aim of this study was to create molecular barcodes for the P. aeruginosa isolates from burn wound infections in Iraq, focusing on the biofilm formation genes (algD, pslA, pslB, and pelA) and antibiotic resistance genes (blaOXA and blaCTX-M). Clinical samples were obtained from 70 patients with burn wounds. Selective media, the VITEK 2 system, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were used to identify 20 isolates of P. aeruginosa. ESBL-encoding genes and biofilm-related genes were detected using conventional PCR. Ten isolates were selected to represent the set, and their partial 16S rRNA sequences were analyzed for phylogenetic relationships and submitted to GenBank. The findings showed that 100% of isolates had the biofilm-forming genes algD, pslA, pslB, and pelA. The blaOXA gene was present in all the isolates examined, and blaCTX-M was present in 19 out of 20 isolates (95%). Successful amplification of gene-specific fragments showed the widespread co-occurrence of biofilm and resistance determinants. The phylogenetic analysis showed the presence of close genetic relatedness of the isolates and P. aeruginosa reference strains. The prevalence of biofilm-producing P. aeruginosa and ESBL genes in reported cases from Iraqi healthcare facilities indicates the need for focused molecular-based/incision antimicrobial management.
Comparative Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous Garlic (Allium sativum) Extract Against Selected Pathogenic Bacteria Using CLSI Standard Methods
Garlic (Allium sativum) is also famous in terms of its antibacterial properties due to the sulfur-containing bioactive chemicals, such as allicin. This study was aimed at evaluating the antibacterial performance of aqueous extract of garlic against certain pathogenic bacteria, which included: Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella spp and Escherichia coli. Aqueous maceration was used to prepare and extract fresh garlic cloves. Assessment of the antibacterial activity using the disc diffusion technique was done according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) criteria. Levofloxacin and meropenem were employed as positive controls, and various quantities of garlic extract (2 ml, 4 ml, and 6 ml) were evaluated. The findings showed a rise in antibacterial activity that was concentration-dependent. Nevertheless, garlic extract's effectiveness was much less than that of conventional antibiotics (p < 0.05). According to these results, garlic extract may be used as an additional antimicrobial agent and has a modest antibacterial potential. It is advised that more research be done on phytochemical analysis and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination.
Artificial Intelligence in Medical Diagnostics: Performance, Validation Gaps, and Translational Challenges
A great deal of progress has occurred in recent years in deep learning, self-supervised learning, and transformer-based architectures, which is why AI has become proficient at detecting health issues in individuals. It is true that AI systems tend to struggle when working alongside radiologists, pathologists, dermatologists, and cardiologists, despite operating relatively well in controlled environments. However, there exists an issue regarding global generalizability and the integration of the clinical aspect. This narrative review analyses the literature published between 2018 and 2025, applying specific parameters across various databases. A qualitative analysis was conducted of 126 publications that identified novel methods to integrate research and implementation activities into existing diagnostic methodologies. AI systems based on imaging have shown significant diagnostic performance in controlled environments; however, the greatest challenge is implementing them in real-world settings. It is anticipated that additional research will be conducted to determine the actual function of these systems in real-life applications. Certain AI frameworks are becoming more open, interconnected, and scalable without requiring imaging capabilities. Examples of these include explainable AI, multimodal systems, federated learning, and clinical decision support. Most models still demonstrate sensitivity to data-set shifts, lack appropriate external validation, and lack proof of impact on patient-centred outcomes, i.e., evidence of assisting patients. AI cannot be viewed as replacing medicine, but rather as providing an opportunity to better understand medicine. Extensive vetting and testing against real-world data are needed.
Biostatistics and Artificial Intelligence in Disease Prediction: A Comprehensive Review Supported by Simulated Data and Visual Analysis
Scientists can now examine records in new ways and make disease predictions as AI technology advances rapidly. Nonetheless, predictive models in medicine must be firmly based in rigorous biostatistics to guarantee precision and minimize uncertainty. This study uses sample data, descriptive statistics, and visual aids to examine the enhancement of disease prediction by AI over time through biostatistics. This study also examines the primary ethical, methodological, and medical issues that arise from these methods. It says that to make sure your predictions are clear and correct, you need to look at data in both old and new ways.
Decreased Numbers of Hospitalization and Frequency of Diarrhoea Episodes in Immunized Children Compared with Non-Immunized Children in Diwaniyah City
Background: In Iraq and other underdeveloped nations, diarrhoea is a primary cause of child morbidity and hospitalization. The rotavirus vaccine is used to minimize diarrhoeal illnesses in young children. Objective: To compare the number of hospitalizations and frequency of diarrhoea episodes between immunized and non-immunized children in Diwaniyah city, Iraq. Methods: The Children and Maternal Teaching Hospital in Al-Diwaniyah conducted a January 2024–December 2025 retrospective cohort analysis of the 400 children aged 6-24 months recruited; 200 were fully rotavirus-vaccinated, and 200 were not. Medical records and mother interviews provided hospitalization and diarrhoea data. Results: Immunized children showed significantly lower hospitalization rates (12.5%) compared to non-immunized children (38.0%) (p<0.001). The mean frequency of diarrhoea episodes was 1.8 ± 0.9 in the immunized group versus 4.2 ± 1.6 in the non-immunized group (p<0.001), representing a 57% reduction in diarrhoea episodes among vaccinated children. Conclusion: Hospitalization and diarrhoea episodes in children are dramatically reduced by rotavirus vaccination. Reducing diarrhoeal illnesses in Diwaniyah requires improving immunization efforts.
Electron Stopping Power in Human Body Tissues: A Systematic Review
Electron stopping power is a fundamental parameter governing charged-particle interactions in biological matter and constitutes the physical basis of electron dosimetry in radiotherapy, diagnostic imaging, and radiation protection. Despite the widespread reliance on reference databases such as NIST ESTAR, experimental measurements of electron stopping power in human tissues and tissue-equivalent materials remain dispersed across the literature, spanning diverse energy ranges, tissue compositions, and experimental methodologies. This systematic review provides a comprehensive synthesis of experimental data on electron stopping power in human tissues and tissue-equivalent materials across the keV–MeV energy range. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, peer-reviewed experimental studies reporting electron stopping power or closely related quantities were systematically identified, screened, and qualitatively synthesized. Due to substantial heterogeneity in electron energies, tissue types, measurement techniques, and reported outcome metrics, quantitative meta-analysis was not justified; instead, an analytically stratified qualitative synthesis was performed with reference to NIST ESTAR data. Across all included studies, the electron stopping power consistently decreased with increasing electron energy. Soft tissues and water-equivalent materials generally exhibited good agreement with reference expectations. In contrast, mineralized tissues—particularly cortical bone—demonstrated reproducible and systematic deviations from reference data, most pronounced at lower electron energies. These deviations were observed consistently across independent studies and experimental approaches, indicating composition-driven physical effects rather than random experimental uncertainty. The findings demonstrate that previously perceived measurement discrepancies reflect physically meaningful variations arising from tissue composition, energy regime, and experimental methodology. While reference databases remain indispensable for routine applications, their tissue- and energy-specific limitations highlight the continued need for targeted experimental investigations in biologically complex materials.
Evaluation of immunological cytokines among preterm and normal labor at AL-Najaf province
Human labour at term is a physiological event that involves a coordinated set of changes in the uterine tissues (the myometrium, decidua, and uterine cervix) over the course of a few days or weeks. The physiologic-inflammatory process of labour is influenced by a combination of endocrine and mechanical factors, and it is pathologically initiated by uterine stretch and bleeding, which causes a fetus to be expelled from the uterus. During the study period from April 2024 to December 2024, a total of 60 clinical samples were obtained from patients who attended Al-Zahraa and Al-Hakiem hospitals in Al-Najaf province. The specimens, 30 serum samples, were collected from patients with preterm labor, in addition to 30 serum samples obtained from normal labor. Human Enzyme-Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay (ELISA) Kits were used to measure the levels of progesterone, IL-1α, IL-1β, and MCP-1 in serum. Findings indicate that there are no significant differences (p-<0.05) in progesterone levels between preterm labour women and normal pregnant women, but there are significant differences (p-<0.05) in IL-α and IL-β levels between preterm labour women and normal pregnant women, as well as significant differences (p-<0.05) in MCP-1 levels (p-<0.05).
The Role of Epigenetic Modifications in Complex Human Diseases: A Review of Gene–Environment Interactions
Epigenetics has emerged as a key field for understanding the interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental exposures in Human health. It is very unique because unlike with genetic mutations, epigenetics does not alter the genes themselves; rather it affects how the genes behave – whether they are turned on or off – offering us an amenable and reversible level of regulation. The induced alterations will act as molecular intermediaries of the gene-environment interactions that underlie susceptibility, course and phenotypic heterogeneity of complex human disorders. With increasing evidence suggesting that abnormal epigenetic changes are integrated into the development of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, autoimmune diseases and metabolic syndromes. Nutrition, toxins, stress, and social determinants are environmental factors able to cause long-lasting epigenetic changes that can alter disease risk during the lifetime and even transgenerationally. This review summarizes our present knowledge on the mechanistic landscape underlying the epigenetic regulation process and its relevance in disease progression, as well as the possible use of precision/precision-like epigenetic therapies in practice, outlining the prospects and challenges to translating this understanding to precision medicine. Diet, toxins, stress and sociodemographic factors are the environmental aspects capable of producing persistent epigenetic modifications leading to change in disease risk both acutely throughout lifespan as well as intergenerationally. This review provides a general overview of the current mechanistic landscape of epigenetic regulation and how it relates to disease pathogenesis, as well as potential for precision/precision-like epigenetic therapies in clinical medicine, focusing on opportunities and challenges to implementing this understanding in practice.
miRNAs (microRNAs), lncRNAs (long non-coding RNAs), G×E (gene-environment interaction), CVDs (cardiovascular diseases), TSGs (tumor suppressor genes), DNMTs (DNA methyltransferases),
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder marked by progressive joint inflammation that results in the destruction of cartilage and bone. With a global prevalence of 0.5-1%, the disease exhibits a significant female predominance, occurring at a 2-3:1 ratio compared to males. The pathogenesis of RA involves a complex interplay of genetic factors, particularly HLA-DRB1 alleles, environmental triggers such as smoking, and dysregulated immune responses. Diagnosis relies on a combination of clinical evaluation, serological testing for rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPAs), and advanced imaging techniques including X-ray, ultrasound, and MRI. Contemporary management of RA follows a treat-to-target paradigm, with the primary goal of achieving remission or low disease activity. The therapeutic arsenal includes nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for symptomatic relief, corticosteroids as short-term bridge therapy, and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) as foundational treatment. DMARDs encompass conventional agents like methotrexate, targeted synthetic drugs such as JAK inhibitors, and biologic therapies including anti-TNF and anti-IL6 agents. First-line treatment typically begins with methotrexate, with escalation to combination therapies or biologics in cases of inadequate response. Regular monitoring every three months is essential to prevent irreversible joint damage and functional disability. Although RA remains incurable, advancements in treatment have substantially improved patient outcomes. Future directions in RA management emphasize personalized medicine strategies and the development of safer, more targeted therapies. Ongoing research continues to unravel the underlying mechanisms of RA, paving the way for novel and more effective treatment modalities.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia worldwide. It primarily affects older adults, leading to a decline in memory, cognitive function, and the ability to carry out daily tasks. The disease is characterized by the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, which contribute to the loss of synapses and neuronal death. Although the exact cause remains unclear, both genetic and environmental factors are believed to play significant roles in its development. Common symptoms include memory impairment, confusion, disorientation, personality changes, and difficulties in language and problem-solving. Diagnosis typically involves clinical evaluation, cognitive tests, neuroimaging techniques, and sometimes cerebrospinal fluid analysis to detect biomarkers. There is currently no cure for Alzheimer’s, but various treatments aim to alleviate symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These include cholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonists, along with supportive care and lifestyle modifications. Research is ongoing to discover disease-modifying therapies, and recent studies focus on targeting beta-amyloid production and tau protein aggregation. The impact of AD is not only personal but also societal, placing immense emotional and financial strain on caregivers and healthcare systems. As global life expectancy increases, the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease is expected to rise, making early diagnosis and effective intervention strategies more critical than ever. Public awareness, support services, and continued research efforts are essential to manage and eventually prevent this debilitating condition.
Distribution and Species Diversity of the Dove Genus Streptopelia: A Systematic Review
The genus Streptopelia is one of the largest and taxonomically complex in the family Columbidae, consisting of approximately 15–18 species with heterogeneous ecological requirements and distribution ranges. This systematic review compiles up-to-date knowledge on the worldwide distribution, species diversity, phylogeny, and conservation status of Streptopelia doves, based on the most recent molecular, ecological, and biogeographical studies. We investigated distribution, systematics, phylogeny, and anthropogenic effects for this genus. Phylogenomic studies have resolved the identity of many taxonomically uncertain species, uncovered complex patterns of speciation, and revealed cryptic diversity in so-called species complexes. Some species, such as the Eurasian Collared-Dove (S. decaocto) are fast expanding around the planet, while others, such as the European Turtle-Dove (S. turtur), are experiencing precipitous population declines. Climate change, habitat loss, greater cultivated areas, and hunting pressure are the major threats to the diversity of Streptopelia. A few species require urgent conservation action. Priority for subsequent research should be to redress outstanding taxonomic uncertainties, ascertain the effect of climate change on distributions, and put in place conservation measures for declining taxa. We provide here a detailed review on how it is possible to understand the diversity of Streptopelia and how such an understanding can contribute to conservation strategies of this key dove genus from both ecological and economic viewpoints.
Assessment of Antimicrobial Effect of Soil Bacillus sp. Isolates against Select Pathogenic Bacteria
Background: Soil Bacillus sp. provides good resources for the isolation of therapeutically important products that fight against bacteria that cause infections, and a variety of bacteria have acquired antibacterial resistance against commercial antibiotics; therefore, it was necessary to find substances that avoid the formation of resistance against these antibiotics. Examination of the effectiveness of secondary substances produced by Bacillus sp. against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia Coli, Acetobacter aceti, Acetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Materials and Methods: Bacillus sp. were collected from different sites. After isolation and identification of Bacillus sp. the primary screening was observed against five pathogenic bacteria, then the Bacillus sp. was fermented to observe the secondary metabolite antimicrobial effect on these bacteria. Gas chromatography analysis for secondary metabolites was done to detect the components of this substance. Results: Evidence of antimicrobial effectiveness against E. coli was noted. Absence of antimicrobial effects was detected on other pathogenic bacteria during the initial screening phase. The antibacterial activity of the secondary metabolite was observed against all test pathogens. Notably, Klebsiella pneumoniae, a gram-negative pathogen, was more sensitive than other pathogenic bacteria in this research. Additionally, Staphylococcus aureus, a gram-positive pathogen, was also affected. Conclusion: The secondary metabolites from Bacillus sp. demonstrated potential as effective antibacterial agents against select pathogenic bacteria.
Childhood Epilepsy: Clinical Insights into Pathogenesis, Classification, and Management Strategies
Epilepsy is a widespread neurological disorder among children, with around 10.5 million cases globally. Progress in diagnostic techniques, EEG, and brain imaging has enhanced the ability to classify and treat pediatric epilepsy more effectively. The disorder manifests in varying degrees, from mild, manageable forms to severe epileptic encephalopathies that hinder cognitive and motor growth. This research examines the prevalence, underlying causes, classification systems, and therapeutic approaches for childhood epilepsy. Key factors contributing to the condition include genetic predisposition, disruptions in ion channels, and brain injuries during the perinatal period. Although antiepileptic medications are the standard treatment, some patients benefit from specialized diets, neurostimulation, or surgical procedures. Beyond physical symptoms, epilepsy also significantly influences a child’s emotional well-being, social interactions, and educational progress. The study emphasizes the need for timely detection, tailored treatment plans, and public education to enhance the lives of children with epilepsy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Health and Biology
Paper Retractions in Academic Publishing: Definitions, Causes, Solutions, and Global Trends
Paper retractions represent a critical mechanism for maintaining the integrity of the scientific record. This report examines the definition of retractions, their underlying causes, potential solutions to mitigate their occurrence, and the geographical distribution of retractions across countries. By synthesizing data from recent studies and policy documents, this analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the challenges and strategies associated with retractions in academic publishing.
The role of nanotechnology in skin cancer therapy
The escalating global burden of melanoma and non-melanoma skin malignancies necessitates advanced treatment strategies beyond conventional modalities. Current interventions, including wide local excision and systemic chemotherapy, frequently demonstrate suboptimal therapeutic indices characterized by non-specific cytotoxicity and frequent disease recurrence. Recent advances in nanoscale engineering have yielded multifunctional platforms employing metallic (Au, Ag) and ceramic (ZnO, SiO₂) nanoparticles that address these limitations through: (i) enhanced epidermal permeability and retention, (ii) spatiotemporal control of drug release. Particularly noteworthy are tumor-targeted formulations such as RGD-conjugated TiO₂ nanoparticles and cetuximab-functionalized liposomes, which demonstrate >50% improvement in tumor regression compared to conventional therapies in preclinical models. However, translational implementation confronts substantial barriers, including batch-to-batch variability in nanomanufacturing and undefined long-term biodistribution profiles. Emerging paradigms integrating CRISPR-based gene editing with stimuli-responsive nanocarriers present novel opportunities for personalized oncodermatology. This comprehensive analysis aims to delineate critical pathways for clinical adoption of nanotherapeutic interventions in cutaneous oncology.
Neurochemical and Neurocircuitry Perspectives on the Science of Addiction
Addiction is a complex disorder affecting millions worldwide, presenting significant public health and research challenges. This review examines the biochemical and neuroscientific mechanisms underlying addiction, emphasizing the roles of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, glutamate, GABA, serotonin, and endocannabinoids in reward processing and compulsive drug-seeking behavior. The biochemical effects of addictive substances, including alcohol, opioids, stimulants, nicotine, and cannabis, are explored, highlighting their neurotoxic impact and cognitive impairments. The review also discusses genetic and epigenetic influences, illustrating gene-environment interactions that contribute to addiction susceptibility. Treatment approaches, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological, are examined. Medications like methadone, buprenorphine, and N-acetylcysteine target neurotransmitter systems, while therapies such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) offer alternative interventions. Emerging treatments, including gene therapy and AI-driven predictive models, suggest a promising future in addiction treatment. This review underscores the necessity of a multidisciplinary approach to addiction research and treatment. Understanding addiction’s neurobiological foundations can lead to innovative therapeutic strategies, ultimately improving outcomes for those affected by substance use disorders.
Molecular mechanisms of ambient temperature perception in peppermint plants
Unlike animals that can move when living conditions are no longer favorable to them, plants are mostly fixed. They have therefore developed adaptation strategies to respond to environmental changes by constantly modulating and adjusting their metabolic systems. Plants must face different types of abiotic aggression or stress and adapt to them: lack or excess of water, high or low light, air pollution, soil salinity, extreme temperatures and wind, The plants produce the major energy products they contain, which cause the light or energy sources, and also the sources of more chemicals and medicines, fibers and other sources. These economically important products are used for the production of bio-renouvelable products. The plants are equipped with an important ecological and environmental value. Thanks to the photosynthesizers, the plants produce oxygen that is an essential element for sustaining all living organisms, animals, and vegetables. All these reasons also include the gardens in the garden, including the development steps at the croissance course, and the regulatory voices that allow the plants to grow and adapt to all changes in the environment. These changes may affect stress biotiques or abiotics. These plants are resistant to stress and can allow them to survive and ensure their growth and recovery. Vegetable agriculture is directly influenced by biotech manufacturers such as the temperature, photoperiod, availability of water and nutrients, etc. Temperature variations affect the sense of biochemical reactions that improve or stimulate the sleep level of grains and axillary pores.
Relation between rheumatoid arthritis and Interleukin-6
Joint and cartilage inflammation is a hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an inflammatory disease that can develop into osteoarthritis and a range of symptoms and impairments. The prognosis of RA has been drastically altered by the availability of several therapy alternatives, even though its development and progression are still not fully understood. The microbiota has long been recognized as an important regulator of inflammation and immunity due to its ability to either stimulate or dampen systemic inflammation and alter the host's cytokine production pattern. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is the most abundantly expressed cytokine in rheumatoid synovium. In particular, IL-6 mediates acute-phase protein synthesis and terminal B-cell differentiation. Increased serum levels have been previously reported in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study, serum IL-6 levels were measured in a well-defined cohort using a bioassay (B9 cells), and levels were correlated with conventional clinical and laboratory indices of disease activity. Increased IL-6 blood levels were associated with rheumatoid arthritis, suggesting that this biomarker may be useful for diagnosing the disease at an early stage. There was no statistically significant correlation between disease severity and IL-6 levels in the serum. The cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6) has been proposed as a biomarker and possible player in the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis.