Distribution and Species Diversity of the Dove Genus Streptopelia: A Systematic Review

Abstract

The genus Streptopelia is one of the largest and taxonomically complex in the family Columbidae, consisting of approximately 15–18 species with heterogeneous ecological requirements and distribution ranges. This systematic review compiles up-to-date knowledge on the worldwide distribution, species diversity, phylogeny, and conservation status of Streptopelia doves, based on the most recent molecular, ecological, and biogeographical studies. We investigated distribution, systematics, phylogeny, and anthropogenic effects for this genus. Phylogenomic studies have resolved the identity of many taxonomically uncertain species, uncovered complex patterns of speciation, and revealed cryptic diversity in so-called species complexes.

Some species, such as the Eurasian Collared-Dove (S. decaocto) are fast expanding around the planet, while others, such as the European Turtle-Dove (S. turtur), are experiencing precipitous population declines. Climate change, habitat loss, greater cultivated areas, and hunting pressure are the major threats to the diversity of Streptopelia. A few species require urgent conservation action. Priority for subsequent research should be to redress outstanding taxonomic uncertainties, ascertain the effect of climate change on distributions, and put in place conservation measures for declining taxa. We provide here a detailed review on how it is possible to understand the diversity of Streptopelia and how such an understanding can contribute to conservation strategies of this key dove genus from both ecological and economic viewpoints.