Understanding inflammatory markers associated with clinical Symptoms, Hematological Profiles, and Biochemical Alterations of COVID-19 patients in Missan City

Abstract

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a multisystem infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, associated with a wide range of clinical, hematological, and biochemical alterations. This case-control study aimed to evaluate and compare clinical manifestations, hematological profiles, and biochemical parameters between COVID-19 patients and healthy individuals in Missan City, Iraq. A total of 90 participants were enrolled and divided equally into two groups: 45 confirmed COVID-19 patients and 45 healthy controls. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for hematological indices, lipid profile, liver and kidney function tests, inflammatory markers, and glucose levels.

The results demonstrated that fever (66.7%) and cough (46.7%) were the most common clinical symptoms. Significant hematological changes were observed in infected patients, including decreased red blood cells and hemoglobin levels, along with increased white blood cells, neutrophils, and platelets, while lymphocyte counts were markedly reduced. Biochemical analysis revealed significant elevations in liver enzymes (ALT, AST), kidney markers (urea, creatinine), glucose, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Additionally, lipid profile disturbances were evident, with increased cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides, alongside decreased HDL levels. Inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin, and D-dimer were significantly elevated, indicating severe inflammation and hypercoagulability.

In conclusion, COVID-19 is not limited to respiratory involvement but affects multiple organ systems, leading to significant laboratory abnormalities. Monitoring hematological, biochemical, and inflammatory parameters is essential for assessing disease severity and guiding clinical management.