The Regulatory Landscape of MicroRNAs in Human Pathogenesis: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Applications

Abstract

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as pivotal post-transcriptional regulators, controlling a wide range of biological processes, from cell differentiation to programmed cell death. Their dysregulation is closely linked to the mechanisms underlying many complex diseases, including tumors and autoimmune disorders. This article reviews current knowledge about microRNA synthesis, its mechanistic role in gene silencing, and its clinical utility as non-invasive biomarkers and therapeutic targets. It focuses particularly on its role in breast cancer and rheumatoid arthritis, highlighting the transition from basic molecular biology to clinical diagnostic applications.